SOP for International Business Management in Fleming College

Pursuing a post Graduate in International Business Management is a dream, a goal and often a path to a future career. For inc, it is also a responsibility that I owe to myself and a commitment I have to-others. I have realized in the tOday's world that originality is ofte-n sacrificed for time and money. ] want to fully explore the knowledge of Ex p-orts,Imports and Business Management, fully expand on-the insights that it provides and_get my career started. Choosing IBM (International Business Management) as'a career would help launch ray career with a decent business. hich involves interacting with people_ I like to communicate with poople, act like a mediato. r, and solve their problems whether it may relate to rec rui ti ng or dealing with employees. I would like to oversee the business of managing people in an organization. Basically. I am a Mathematics Major. Majority. of my courseivork included fundamentals, derivation, evolutioniproblems and solutions. International Business Mana. gemcnt was on6d lily favorite subject. It is this liking for the subject, which inclines me,toTursue a Post Graduate diploma in International Business Management in your college.Business Management Study Guide Moreover, it is highly in demand in today's modern and competitive world. As a International Business professional has become:important part:of successful company with a-wide-variety of responsibilities. I would consider myself fortunate enough, if. I get to become a part of the team. Additionally, I strongly believe teamwork I choose International Business Management because the current need of the present and the future depends on the placements of business in the right direction. Your program with its,tlexibility and strength of curricultirmand couisework would allow me to further my understanding in this interdisciplinary approach to these complex of business issues that people face daily in their work environment. I am confident I can enhance the scholarly debate in the discipline of conflict resolution. â€Å"We live only once, but if we live right, once is enough†. The same truth applies to one's career decision because the career you choose is going to live with you through out your life and the education you perceive was, is and will be you're most loyal friend and which will help you achieve your career goals. Moreover, education is an investment that will reap rich dividends in the future ; will never go a waste. So one has to make wise career decisions in life for which he may not have to repent in the future. International business management refers to the effective management of business transactions that are to be performed across various countries. This is done to satisfy the objectives of people and organizations. Thus a firm should he aware of various issues while entering foreign markets. There are key political, cultural, social, legal and environmental issues that every organization must fully cover to ensure the smooth running of its business in foreign shores. Failure to do so may lead to may obstacles. It is always effective to take a proactive measure while conducting business in foreign markets. MY interest towards International Business and the knowledge gathered through college at my Master's in Business administration created a passion towards business field education tempted inc to act as a entrepreneur . Since we had only few specialization in my campus j could take only Finance and Marketing. I was first exposed with sales nature were i could find lots of customer relationship activity. At present am fit in Axis Bank Pvt Ltd as a Officer. I realize it is tough for a returning student; however. I do not believe in quitting. Lastly. I always want to succeed. Success here is twofold. First, it is personal success for me in the program. Next, it is my commitment to give you my very best, by learning International Business Management theory and taking it to the classroom and beyond. If I am accepted. I am sure you will not be disappointed. You will find me to be a committed and capable student and an enthusiastic advocate of business.

My view on scent of woman

This film Is about a young man named Charles who studies In a middle school and the e Thanksgiving Day he wants to go home with his family, but he has not enough moon y so he Is going to work as a companion of Colonel Frank who Is a strange, blind, Ion Ely man. First, Charles wants to finish this task for money, but when he lives with the Colonel, he finds himself. On the other hand, there Is a terrible thing disturbs him, w hither he should tell the true about who have done the thing which makes the head master embarrassing and have destroyed the school rule.The headmaster tells Chart sees that if he doesn't tell him the true he will be fired. At the end, he doesn't tell who d this thing, and Frank is proud of him, the students from this school also cheer up of r him. In my opinion, this film is very good. Not only because of its wonderful story but also I t tell us that we should maintain our principle. Nowadays, more and more people are selfish, but Charles can maintain his princi ple, it's difficult for him to do that. Because he doesn't tell the true that he will be fired.At first, I see this film's name, I think this film maybe about the woman, but when I finish this film, I know that this is not about Oman but about two men. I am moved by this film, because there are many reasons for me to move by this film. The most moved screen is that when the woman says that t Charles wont be fired from school, almost all students cheer up for him. That is not only Charles' personal win but also the spirit that keeping principle's win. In this film, there is another man who makes me impressed, his name is Frank.Frank is blind, an d because of this makes him go to the bottom of life, but the tourism of New York hell him find himself, and he finds the life passion again. Nowadays, more and more persons lose themselves; they are selfish, dishonest, and s nobles. They lose their soul. But in our society there also are people like Charles. So when we meet the setbacks, we should remember the Colonel's word: Person's life Juju SST a few decades, the most important thing Is to not let their own, and malting a com plate soul. Because of a broken leg missing arm Is not the ugliest, Incompleteness Is t he soul of the ugliest!

WRITE A PLAN HOW YOU WOULD POSITION YOURSELF FOR VICE PRESIDENT HUMAN Essay

WRITE A PLAN HOW YOU WOULD POSITION YOURSELF FOR VICE PRESIDENT HUMAN RESOURCE - Essay Example The Human Resources Department is tasked with specific functions to carry out its objectives. In order to perform these functions well, its personnel should possess the necessary qualifications, most especially, the person leading them – the vice president for human resources. It is in this regard that this essay is written to present a plan for the position of vice president for human resources in a particular organization. The plan would entail presenting the general scope of responsibilities and further detailing the specific roles and responsibilities of a vice president for human resources. In addition, the mission and vision of the department would be identified to present the focus or objective of the department and identify the department’s strategy to attain organizational goals. According to Wytenburg, â€Å"the Vice President of Human Resources/HR Director is responsible for establishing the company’s personnel base (employed and otherwise) and ensuring this base is adequate and appropriate to its strategic and operational needs. This role will often involve such things as career coaching and organizational development, leadership planning and development, and the planning and delivery of training and education.† As the Vice President for Human Resources, the scope of the responsibilities encompasses five functions: job organization and information, acquisition or recruitment of personnel, maintenance, development and research on human resources. The vice president is tasked to supervise, control, and direct the overall implementation of personnel policies while his or her managers and staff takes care of specialized personnel functions. The specific and technical duties of a vice president are complex and multifarious in terms of performing general management functions in relation to top management and to the human resources department personnel. The detailed responsibilities of the position require

Commercial Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Commercial Law - Essay Example Also, there was the complaint of distress that was caused on Epcot by Regus Ltd as they had to endure the unpleasantness associated with poor air conditioning. Regus was quick to react, and an exclusion clause that was presented by Regus claimed that Regus was not to be held responsible for any cases of losses that will be incurred while goods are in the custody of the same company. The clause further noted that losses of any kind; data, savings, profits, as well as, claims raised by third parties will not be incurred by Regus. As such, the clause mandated Epcot to ensure that goods are insured so that these losses will not be incurred by Regus. Under the UCTA Act of 1997, these claims were noted as void as Epcot argued for the exclusion clause noted by Regus to be struck out on the rationale that it did not pass the reasonableness test that is provided for in the Unfair Contract Terms (UCLA) Act.   The judge was guided by the fact that it was in Regus’ docket as per the con tractual agreement to provide proper air conditioning for Epcot. With this in mind, Regus was not in order to deprive Epcot of the payments that were to be extended for losses that were incurred. As such, it was not reasonable for Regus to claim for Epcot’s deprival to be remedied for all the losses. Regus was thus expected to be reasonable and cater partly for failure to be in a position to ensure protection from losses and distress that Epcot incurred. This clause was considered broad as it would mean that even stern breaches.... , these claims were noted as void as Epcot argued for the exclusion clause noted by Regus to be struck out on the rationale that it did not pass the reasonableness test that is provided for in the Unfair Contract Terms (UCLA) Act. The judge was guided by the fact that it was in Regus’ docket as per the contractual agreement to provide proper air conditioning for Epcot. With this in mind, Regus was not in order to deprive Epcot of the payments that were to be extended for losses that were incurred. As such, it was not reasonable for Regus to claim for Epcot’s deprival to be remedied for all the losses. Regus was thus expected to be reasonable and cater partly for failure to be in a position to ensure protection from losses and distress that Epcot incurred. The failure by Regus to provide proper air conditioning was questioned and Epcot was favored as the services as provided by the terms and conditions of the form contract were not met. An analysis of the exclusion claus e used by Regus would thus exclude the same company from any malicious or fraudulent cases that will result from their inability to provide satisfactory services. This clause was considered broad as it would mean that even stern breaches of the contract will not be remedied. The unreasonableness of the clause as provided for by the judge was challenged by the court of appeal. The court also challenged Epcot’s claim that Regus’ failure to provide proper air conditioning led to future loses that the company will incur. The appellate court noted that it would only be reasonable for Epcot to demand remedy for a decrease in the prices of the standards they expected from Regus. Liability remedy was earlier on not provided for by the exclusion clause according to the judge. However, this was not the

Learning By Doing and Using Instructional Technologies Research Paper - 1

Learning By Doing and Using Instructional Technologies - Research Paper Example Making use of technologies, students are able to access a wide range of virtual environments. This paper focuses on the process of learning by doing and using instructional technologies. The paper will explore the theories of learning and teaching relative to instructional technologies. Introduction of microcomputers and internet has greatly influenced teaching and learning. Technology motivates students to learn since it encourages use of hands-on-technology activities making learners more autonomous. Appropriate use of technology in teaching motivates students since encourages creative methods of learning and enables students to remain attentive. Use of technology for teaching affects the learning process in different ways. The instructional methods are affected since teacher or educators act more like facilitators (Hung, 2001; Candace, Sheri, & Lane, 2011). Several theories relate the theories of learning to use of technology in teaching. Educational theories embrace any phenomena that contribute to education in either philosophical or general approach. Instructional theories deal with aspects pertaining to instructions. The four main models of learning which include social constructivism, cognivitism, behaviorism, and constructivism form the framework of learning and teaching. The learning theories are distinct from the instructional approaches. Behaviorism and cognitivist models showed that the manner in which instructions are given determines the ease of learning. This is because the mind acts as an information processor. It is thus important to use technology base instruction approaches to encourage learners to reason (Bot, Gossiaux, Rauch, & Tabious, 2005). Constructivism and social constructivism models focus on influence of interactions on learning or assimilation and accommodation of knowledge. People tend to interpret ideas depending on how they perceived them. Use of technology to provide

The Effects The Media Has On American Society Term Paper

The Effects The Media Has On American Society - Term Paper Example Media is considered to be a critical tool of communication between the government and the public, a fact which is reflected in the use of the media every time an important governmental plans needs to be promoted. The effects of media on American society are critically discussed in this paper. It is noted that the relationship between the media and the particular society is of similar form as in other countries worldwide – referring to the relationship between the media and the local population. However, in USA this relationship is highly developed; the media is considered as the unique tool for identifying the consent of the public to particular political decisions. It should be noted that through the decades the power of the media to affect the American society seems to be weakened – probably under the influence of the failures of media to represent the actual status/ quality of political and economic plans as promoted by the government, the local authorities but also the private sector – the case of Enron which was considered to be a quite powerful corporation, as presented through the media, is an indicative example of the failure of media to check the validity of the social and economic messages promoted through the particular means of communication. Traditionally, the American society has been strongly affected by media. As a result, every time that a critical political decision had to be supported the media was used, more or less, to ensure the consent of the public to the attempted changes. In order to understand the effects of media on American Society, it would be necessary to refer primarily to the characteristics of this society. Then, the potentials of media to affect the particular society would be made clear. The American society is based on specific principles/ ethics. Trust is of key importance for getting the approval of the public. In terms of decisions related to the management of the country’s issues, the particip ation of the public has been of critical importance. The term participation refers to the awareness of the public of the basic rules of the attempted plans, i.e. the direct involvement of the public in the realization of these plans is not necessary. In other words, in the context of the trust, as existing between the politicians and the public the provision of information to the public on the main principles/ parts of governmental decisions is considered as having the sense of involvement of the public in the relevant initiatives. The power of the media to influence the view of the public on critical social, political and economic issues is reflected in the literature published in the particular field. At a first level, the ability of the media to influence each individual has been assessed. The theories developed in this area have been rather contradictory. In the study of Shirley (256) reference is made to the hypodermic needle theory, which is based on the view that media cannot affect equally all people; rather, the media affects each individual at a different level in accordance with his background and perceptions. In the context of this theory it is believed that the behavior of the individual is of critical importance in order to understand his exposure to the media, meaning the level at which the media can influence the views/ decisions of the particular person. On the other hand, there is the magic bullet theory, which considers the potentials of the media to influence the public as being of a standardized form. In the context of this theory, the media is able to influence all people the same even if the message transmitted through the media has not been checked as of its validity (Shirley 256). The above theory

Letter to the Superintendent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Letter to the Superintendent - Essay Example Nevertheless, in spite of the acknowledged importance of teacher leadership, little if any is known about the pathways that teachers may follow and how they can be supported to develop as leaders. Therefore, understanding the efforts necessary to support teacher leaders is necessary. Levin (40) argues that, it is not only important to know what teachers do as leaders, but also gain understanding and in-depth descriptions of how leadership skills are developed. According to Donaldson (28), action research refers to a professional inquiry into a given situation. As the name suggests, action research is concerned with undertaking certain professional actions and its sole purpose is to understand and improve teachers’ leadership actions. In this letter, action research in education is therefore grounded on the working lives of teachers and how they experience their profession. The following are the identified action research projects that facilitate growth of teachers’ lead ership skills necessary to effect school reforms. Needs assessment The entire school reform process begins with identifying needs. Through use of rubrics and other resources, needs assessment will help in comparing leadership practices and reform programs of our school with best practices of the successful schools. The sole purpose of needs assessment is to lay out a comprehensive plan to improve student learning and performance. Teacher leadership is the process in which teachers collectively or individually influences principals, colleagues and other members of the school community to upgrade learning and teaching practices with the sole aim of increasing student learning and achievement. In addition, leadership is about action that transforms learning and teaching hence tying the school and the community together to advance quality of life and social stability (Froyd and Ohland 154). There are numerous ways in which teachers can actively engage as leaders, including mentoring new teachers, development and distributing of curriculum materials, coordinating professional development, participating in decision making among others. Strategic planning In response to the assessed leadership needs, the school will come up with a comprehensive strategic plan for developing teachers’ leadership skills. Ingram, Wolfe and Lieberman (480) observed that such strategic plans would have consensus on priority goals. Further, each priority goal will be aligned to school reform goals to facilitate the desired school reforms. Such strategic planning process will help the leadership teams to focus on priority goals that can help in capacity building for implementation of the entire school reform. Attending training workshops Teachers will undergo training workshops to hone their leadership skills as innovators, advocates and stewards. During the training period, teachers will have an in-depth review of leadership-related literature to try to understand the vast scope and the available avenues of teacher leadership and to find out potential solutions to different barriers. Developing customized goals and action plans Based on their interests, teachers will be expected to develop action plans on how to practice acquired leadership skills and the possible anticipated challenges likely to be faced. Enroll for relevant courses To support growth of leadership skills, teachers will enroll for graduate-level courses relevant to their lines of teaching. They will also

Leadership and battle strategy in the Persian War Essay

Leadership and battle strategy in the Persian War - Essay Example The thesis statement encompassing this paper is the "leadership and battle strategies in Persian Wars". The Persian wars started with a series of battles within the Greek states, predominantly on the part of Persia against several Greek cities in view of the Persian King's strategy of expanding his kingdom and rule. The Persians waged a war against the Athens and Erectia because of the support these states provided to Ionians and other Greek cities in their fight against Persia. The Persian leader at that time was King Darius I, the Great King of Persia who succeeded in seizing control of almost all the Greek states other than the Athens and Strata (Pomeroy 187-188). The preeminent of all the battles fought in the Persian war was the Battle of Marathon in 490 BC that shaped the destiny of Greek empire. This war not only determined the extent of influence exerted by Persia or Athens politically, but also the prevalence of democracy in Greece. The history of Greece would certainly have been different had the Persians won the battle of Marathon against the Athenians. The Athenians were not as strong as Persians with regard to the infantry, war resources and weapons. The Persians were great in number as compared to the Persians, but were endowed with war discipline and an effective military system along with an efficient leadership. Weir propounds that the strategy Greeks employed in their war with Persians was to evoke insurgency among the people who were inside the Persian Empire so as to subvert their strength. The Athenian commander, Miltiades, had also once remained a Persian commander who betrayed the King of Persia. The Greeks, at that time, also excogitated an effective military system that enabled their soldiers to move about the narrow mountains swiftly. They had also developed in terms of weapons, shields and armors that were used by the fighters in the course of war. The primary weapons that the Greek army mostly carried were spears while short swords were also kept as secondary weapons of war (11). The use of traitors in a battle against the enemy seems to be the most eminent strategy engaged by leaders even in the ancient Greece. Miltiades who once happened to be a tyrant in Greek states and also a commander of Persian army, joined hands with Athenians after his partition with the King of Persia. He proved to be one of the prominent leaders in the series of Persian wars who played an effective role in motivating the Athenians to drive the Persians out of the state. When faced with the dilemma of attacking the powerful Persian army, the Athenian leaders had different opinions as to risk a fight or not. Some leaders were in favor of fighting the Persians in an open attack while others were reluctant of taking the risk. The thing that was at stake was not only the lives of Athenians, but also more importantly, the emerging democracy that had the ability to free the Greek world from the claws of tyranny. Miltiades, who was strongly against the Persians, incited the commanders to attack the Persian infantry so as to defend the democracy of Athens (Weir 10). Miltiades also persuaded the other Athenian leaders to go in the favor of attack in order to save Athens from the tyrannical rule of the King Darius as in Persia. Persians had to confront the two strongest opponents of all the Greek States viz. Athens and Strata as a consequence of attacking Athens. Darius, the Great

Genre report on road movies Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Genre report on road movies - Movie Review Example The movie was written by a female which is why their characters are shown as strong and powerful. The movie shows a bold and courageous road journey completed by the two women showing their friendship and hardships that they had to face because they were women. Many of the audience agreed that this film showed the bravery and power of women that had not been exposed so openly before. The reason why it was shocking and pleasing for the audience to watch is because the road genre movies were mainly shot with male characters in accordance to their position in the society. Society at that time had the concept of male dominance and males being more powerful than females. Road trips require high energy and courage to be fulfilled as they cover long distances on roads without proper sleep or food. In this movie the female characters were shown in a new position where they set off on a road trip all alone and faced the several problems boldly. In fact the film shows how these females were at tacked on the most sensitive issue related to women which is rape. The film shows that one of the characters was about to be raped when the other shot the person who was attempting to rape. The two friends then escape to Mexico but later find out that the American police are searching for them. The film shows a new face of the road movie genre that the audience had not seen before. This movie clearly shows the bold and powerful perception about women of the writer and director. Little Miss Sunshine is another movie that was released in 2006 and shows a family road trip. The movie is comedy and it contains humour from the start till the end. A family comedy on a road movie is a unique combination as all the movies about road trips are usually focusing on young men travelling across any country or in the case of Thelma & Louise two women travelling. The history of the road movie genre shows that the genre shows a particular culture where a small group of young friends usually set off to explore places or their lives. Little Miss Sunshine was a surprising movie which shook the audience with its unique combination. The movie broke all the stereotypes for road movies which were the themes of bachelor’s party, or vacations or any other leisure purpose. This movie had a different theme which was based on a beauty pageant competition in which the 7 year old girl was selected. The competition was west to California where they had to drive to reach in time. The journey took place in a VW bus with all the members of the dysfunctional family. All the members of the family were facing some problem or the other because of which the mother did not want to leave any one behind. The road trip disclosed many of the emotional aspects such as life and death, rejection, loneliness and the feeling of belonging; all with the never stopping punches of humour. The expectations that the audience and critics have from the road movies are the themes of the development of the journ ey, characters and purpose. The most important aspect is the development of the journey since the journey is what directly connects to the purpose of the road trip. The audience is most interested to connect the characters, their purpose and their journey till they reach their destination. The journey shown in the road movie shows various events taking place on the way which can change the characters

The importance of a Cardiovascular Diet among College Students Essay

The importance of a Cardiovascular Diet among College Students - Essay Example College students are growing up in a completely new environment outside of their parents’ home, which is a completely new experience for most of them. This means that they are making independent choices with respect to their food consumption. Today, most college students lack the right kind of education regarding what is good for one’s body and what is bad, primarily because parents have largely determined their diet in the home and public schools have largely determined their diet in school. For this reason, college students are more and more likely to adopt unhealthy practices as opposed to the healthy, cardiovascular diet options. Nevertheless, college students are perfectly capable of realizing the benefits, and necessity, of adopting a cardiovascular diet. A cardiovascular diet, as the name implies, is a diet that is friendly first to a person’s heart. Because the long-term health of the heart is the best determinant of how long a person lives, a diet that i mproves its general condition is important. Additionally, with the rise in rates of cardiovascular disease as the single most prevalent killer in the United States, people are realizing that protecting the heart even from an early age is imperative. An example of a cardiovascular diet is the so-called Mediterranean diet, which incorporates high olive oil consumption, legumes, unrefined cereals, vegetables, fruits, fish, and wine. In eating only these foods, individuals can cut out much of the saturated fat associated with cardiovascular disease. The beauty of the Mediterranean diet and similar cardiovascular diets is that they are practical. Certainly, it is not difficult to find the kinds of food choices considered acceptable under the guidelines of any cardiovascular diet. Of course, college students who consume a mostly-fatty diet put themselves the most at risk for cardiovascular disease. Students may have such a diet if access to food is limited, such as the case with most dorm itory cafeterias, or the fast food density in their area. Access to exercise also plays a large role in whether a high-fat diet is manifested in being asymptomatic for cardiovascular disease. However, students can have the most impact on their own health by starting on a foundation of good quality foods, which can be as simple as making more intelligent choices in the cafeteria or at the fast food restaurant: such as choosing a smaller portion, choosing a less-fatty food, or eating less often. By adopting these changes, college-aged people can reverse their unhealthy habits. Part of preventing unhealthy eating choices from creating long-term cardiovascular problems is to catch the problem early. For college-age students, the problem can start on the first day of one’s first year eating in the school cafeteria, which tends to offer mass-produced, cheap food that have a high fat content. Colleges and universities can both educate incoming first-year students about the importanc e of smart eating choices and the cardiovascular diet even before they begin eating there. In addition to this, colleges and universities can invest in practical ways to make the food choices in their cafeterias healthier for students. Instead of offering a high fat, high-sodium pizza, for instance, a cafeteria could make a thin-crust, low salt, cheese-free option, which represents the kind of Mediterranean diet that achieves long-lasting cardiovascular health. Young women, who

Sustainable Socio-Technological System Essay Example for Free

Sustainable Socio-Technological System Essay Every thread of the problems faced by the present human society can be traced back to first industrial revolution of late 18th century and early 19th century that took place in Britain and from where it was embraced by the entire world. The industrial revolution set in motion the process of changes that have since then subsequently transformed the character of not only human society but of entire earth. Air, water, land and sky, all bear the effects of the changes inflicted by human march through industrial revolution and the effects have not been pleasant by any order.   One of the consistent features of the industrial and post industrial revolution has been unprecedented rate of consumption of energy resources, which is the principle reason behind depletion, and instability of earth’s ecological and environmental system (Pirages, 1996). In the endeavor to exploit the full range and scope of advancing technology world required huge energy supplies, which it was unable to obtain from traditional wood fuel or steam power. A quest was soon underway to find that magical energy source that could fuel world’s transition in the new age of speed and power. And soon this magical source was discovered in the form of fossil fuels-petroleum oil and coal with which human world completely shifted in the modern age. The age of automobiles, airplanes, rockets, and computers almost rushed in simultaneously and since then continued to evolve and modify endlessly on the same essential design that is solely based on using the energy of fossil fuels at an increasingly higher rate. 20th century did not merely saw extravagant increase in the consumption of energy resources but also a massive population explosion where population of world tripled from 2 billion in 1930 to 6.5 billion by 2005, thereby making it impossible to reduce the consumption rates (Tyler, 1997). With demands continuously pressing ahead, world’s energy intake also almost doubled from 1973 to 2002. This giant rate and quantity of energy consumption has put world across two crises that have s potential to challenge the very existence of humanity and accompanying life forms, if its not resolved immediately. In the blind rush of growth that world has followed, it became over occupied with the immediate enjoying of wonders of fossil fuel without ever considering the consequences of its maniac pace of growth. The consequences of exploitation, on their part, did not take much time to manifest and air-pollution, water pollution and marine pollution, terms hitherto unheard of, were entering popular terminology. Fossil fuels are essentially hydrocarbon compounds and although they are extremely rich in energy content, their extraction from deep oil wells, refinement and use involve release of harmful and poisonous gases at each step of process, that dangerously increased contents of carbon di-oxide, sulfur oxides, nitrous oxides and chlorine compound in environment, changing the chemical composition of land, air and water. After the discovery of ozone hole in 1985,   humanity encountered the first major threat to its own existence in   so far innocuous journey in the modern high-energy, high-speed age. In subsequent years more catastrophic phenomena, such as global warming and melting of polar ice caps conclusively showed the inherent flaws and dangers associated with man’s present course. Of all the actors of the modern world that have caused upshot in consumption of fossil fuels and hence contributed towards the crisis of environmental pollution and global warming, transportation sector takes the role of the progenitor and spearhead. The role of transportation has been preeminent in humanity’s march through economic development of 20th century. The great mobility offered by transportation sector in personal and freight movements created the foundation of entire industrial infrastructure. However, in the process it also emerged as the biggest consumer of fossil fuel, accounting for more than 70 % of the fuel consumption all over the world. Also it is one of the   biggest polluter and driving cause of pollution. The exhaust fumes from millions of vehicles add toxic gases to atmosphere resulting in poisonous smog. While these gases and fumes add to atmospheric pollution and contributes in global warming their direct impact on human health results in diseases like asthma, migraine and cancer along with sharp rise in cases of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases.   Apart from all these, transportation sector results in thousands of purely avoidable deaths each year due to road accidents.   The largest share in transportation sector belongs to personal and individual motorized vehicles, which are currently numbered at over 600 million and are expected to grow to 2 billion by year 2050 (Heywood, 2006). In the view of already depleting oil resources, the size of motorized industry in 2050 would be unsupportable by even existing fossil reserves and certainly untenable in 2050. These figures and analysis put the sustainability prospects of current transportation model in question. Every study conducted shows that if transformative changes are not introduced at institutional and policy level, the entire transportation sector may come to a standstill in few years, turning the wheels of development backward. Sustainable transportation is also a vital issue from current environmental and economic perspectives because researches have proved that increase in motorized transportation has negative economic implications eventually. Thus finding a sustainable transportation model that represents and safeguards interest of both society and industry is essential if world aims to achieve balanced prospects of growth and development (Burwell and Litman, 2006). Part II Sustainable Transportation Transportation plays two important roles in the economy. First it is a complete industry in itself, with various component industries as its part to create the whole structure and second it is the backbone of various other industries and economic activities (OECD, 1998). Transportation affects prospects of sustainable development at many places. The extraction of fossil oils and their consumption in internal combustion engine causes pollution, smog, acid rains and lead to increased concentration of carbon-dioxide in atmosphere; transportation network and road construction cause additional damage to natural environment and contribute in climatic change; the waste generated through transportation, fuel waste as well as industrial waste add toxic and harmful waste to environment (OECD, 1998). Therefore transportation has become the prime focus area in the quest of sustainable development. The sustainable model of transportation attempts to integrate the entire scope of transportation with real needs of human movement and renewed energy sources that does not pose dangers of depletion, or add to environmental pollution (Pirages, 1996). Sustainable transportation strategies include the vital dimensions of operations management, pricing policies, use of clean fuels, improvement in vehicle operation technologies, and integration in land use and planning in transportation infrastructure (Deakin, 2003). The implementation of these strategies requires combined operations at national and regional levels and need to channel efforts at government, business, scientific and community levels (ibid). Guidelines and principles for Sustainable Transportation In devising the guidelines for transportation to make it sustainable and environment friendly, the following issues emerge as areas of prime concern (Guiding Principles, 1996) Access: Transportation is the principle form through which people can access places and goods, contributing prominently in social and economic development. The integrated strategic direction involve a) demand management- Optimizing transportation needs and requirements of society. It includes curtailing unnecessary transportation requirements through use of better communication technology and packaging technologies and redesigning urban landscape. b) diversifying options: it includes providing people with greater number of options through which they can meet their transportation needs. Equity: It defines the need for government and communities to institute transportation policies that ensures social, regional and government equity by striving to attend to transportation needs of all the sections of society. Health and Safety: The sustainable design of transportation system shall include measures that make it conducive for physical and mental health of people and social and community well being. Responsibility at individual level: The safety of climate, natural environment and resources concern every one and hence it’s a collective as well as individual responsibility of people to safeguard them Policy intervention for sustainable development It is widely recognized at policy level that modifying the present transportation framework on sustainable paradigms would be more convenient and cost saving, rather than completely replacing it with a new framework that might be unable to perform at satisfactory levels. The various   policy options to make the existing model of transportation sustainable are broadly categorized as a) regime optimization and b) regime-shifts (Hoogma, Kepmp, Schot and Truffer, 2002). The distinctions assigning the different technologies in either of the two categories are somewhat vague and they are constantly being worked and assessed. The vital trend to emerge so far out is that there are potential technologies and innovations that can be used for both regime optimization and regime shift. The current transport regime considered exclusively for policy and technological intervention is land transportation system, with its huge impact on environment, society and economy. Various policies and strategies for sustainable transportation, as categorized by Deckins (2003), are, Vehicle and Fuel Technological Changes: The only practical solution to the problem of growing fuel scarcity and harmful level of pollutants ejected   technological innovations in energy field that can reduce dependence on petroleum oil by providing alternative and sustainable sources of energy. It shall serve two immensely useful purposes that are a. minimizing U.S dependence on foreign oil and b. preventing the environment from damages associated with use of petroleum oils and products. The certainty of oil exhaustion has inspired efforts from both government and corporate sector to research and develop the new fuel technologies as a providential measure for survival, growth and progress in forthcoming days of oil crisis. Past decade has seen great move on technological researches in alternative fuels. Various new techniques and models have already been introduced in the market to test their viability and capacity to successfully replace petroleum as chief source of energy. Most of these innovations are specifically aimed at transportation sector because it is the chief consumer of petroleum oil and as principle cause of increasing oil imports. Due to distinct requirements of different sectors in transportation, there are various technologies. Passenger vehicles, public transport vehicles and freight transportation carry specific needs that are difficult to be met by a single alternative fuel technology.   Some of the major and most popular of these technologies, where majority of research and development has taken place, are (Aldrich, 1996) Hybrid Vehicles, electric vehicles, use of ethanol as fuel, fuel cell vehicles, use of hydrogen as fuel and vehicles operated by solar power. Road vehicle operations improvement: The management of road vehicle transportation has significant bearing on sustainable transportation. It consists of areas such as-a) traffic flow improvements that involve measures of improving traffic signal timings, ramp metering, flow metering and removal of bottlenecks to improve the efficiency. The net benefit is reduction of time, better fuel efficiency and smooth transportation; b) Transport system improvement with thrust on constructing smart highways, smart vehicles, accident management and scheduling arrangements; c)educating drivers on appropriate fuel conserving techniques as well as traffic guidelines to help them utilize the system better; d) Improving management techniques in logistics and fleet management. Demand management: To optimize the transportation system according to exact requirements of people, so as to minimize the waste and maximize benefits, it suggests measures as such a) modal substitution where transits are redesigned and improvements are made for walking and biking purposes that provide incentives to people for using alternate mediums of transportation; b) substituting trucks by rails that is environmentally cost effective and involves less consumption of fuel and emission of harmful gases while improving efficiency; c) telecommunication improvements or transport telematics that involve technological systems that are either follow either driver oriented approach or centralized management oriented approach by introducing traffic automation that are vital from safety and efficiency point of view (Hoogma, Kepmp, Schot and Truffer, 2002). The major tools of this measure include telecommuting, tele-shopping, teleconferencing, distance learning and use of information technology in transportation and traffic management. Vehicle Technologies 1.Hybrid Vehicle: As the name suggests, hybrid vehicles combine dual technologies for their operation. Technically they are hybrid electric vehicle with an electric motor that drives the vehicle (Hoogma, Kemp, Schot and Truffer, 2002, 41 ). In the case of a typical electric vehicle, hydrogen fuel cell or chemical batteries such as advanced sealed lead battery, nickel cadmium and lithium ion are used for auxiliary power (Aldrich, 1996). However in the hybrid electric vehicles, the electric drive technology is combined with a gasoline-based power generator for running the electric motor and charging the batteries. Bio-diesels: Bio-diesel, as the term suggests, is a type of renewable fuel obtained by agricultural products and used as fuel in heavy-duty vehicles. The major sources currently under research for bio-diesel are soybean, rapeseed, corn, cottonseed, peanut, sunflower, and canola (Aldrich, 1996, 85). The process of making bio-diesel involves use of an alcohol such as methanol which is treated with oil of selected agricultural produce to form glycerin followed by separation of fatty esters, recycling of excess alcohol and purification of esters to produce a fuel that bears remarkable closeness to diesel, however with higher octane number (Aldrich, 1996, 85). Currently bio-diesel is used when blended with petroleum diesel, especially in European markets, with commendable results. Hydrogen: There are great interests in using hydrogen as fuel in transport industry due to the great flexibility of options and performance it offers. Hydrogen can either be used as fuel in place of gasoline in internal combustion engine or it can be used as energy carrier in fuel cells, the latter being the major research area in automobile sector (Aldrich, 1996, 87). Generally, hydrogen is obtained by decomposing hydrocarbon fuels, electrolysis of water and photolysis. It is stored directly in form of gas, liquid or as chemically with metal hydrides (Hydrogen Economy, 2002, 2). Due to its low energy volume, direct use of hydrogen as a fuel would require considerably large volumes to fuel the vehicle. On the other hand, hydrogen is extremely efficient in fuel cells. In a fuel cell, hydrogen combines with oxygen to produce electricity, Use of public transportation and mass transit system: Mass Transport System Apart from introducing alternative fuel and technologies to replace and minimize fossil fuel consumption, another area where fuel consumption can be easily reduced is creating a more robust and functional public transport and mass transit system. It is cost effective and time consuming to redesign the existing public transport system, especially in major cities, to cut down fuel consumption by reducing number of vehicles on the road. While airplanes are already a popular and heavily used long distance intercity mass transit system, there are many available areas of intervention in short distance intercity and intra-city transport to provide fast and reliable transit facilities while simultaneously reducing traffic, freeing up space on roads and parking and moderating fossil oil consumption. The transportation system , excluding freight transport, is presently divided in two broad categories a. privately owned individual all purpose vehicle transport system and b. public transport system consisting of buses, trains, trams, and metros under the control and maintenance of public administration and public transport companies ((Hoogma, Kemp, Schot and Truffer, 2002, 36-37). Public transport system is usually characterized by low cost, fuel-efficient transit system capable of carrying large number of people on a fixed route (ibid). It has been felt over time that a sustainable and efficient fuel policy needs to incorporate advanced public transport system as one of its key focus area. Additionally the light rail and bus services can be expanded to cover specifically high traffic and downtown areas of major cities. An integration of public transport and private vehicle system can be achieved by providing sufficient parking space at stations and depots of public transport system. It would encourage people to use their private vehicles to access public transport system, resolving one of major issues of limited accessibility involved with mass transit system. Inventing new strategies for sustainable transport development Sustainable development, by its definition, is development that has capacity to meaningfully continue itself without negatively affecting any chance of its failure or degeneration. Therefore sustainable transportation, according to this parameter, requires to incorporate measures and policies that help to grow along with changing dynamics of transport network and fuel technologies. These strategies include (Deckins, 2003) Land use and community development: It includes such activities as preservation, rehabilitation, redevelopment and redesigning of cities and suburbs with high population density. It also include additional measures such as infill in cities and suburbs, reusing of brown-fields, recycling buildings, and improving the quality of life through close location of workplace and residence. Consumer response to sustainable strategies: The major issue is to integrate consumers interests in sustainable strategies and technologies. Consumers should view these measures as crucial for creating a long term sustainable transportation plan that is adaptable for new vehicle and fuel technologies, technological up gradation and increased use of automation system, information technology and communication networks. Another major strategic intervention is about urban planning and transportation planning. It deals with concentration of urban growth, limiting urban sprawls and providing strategies for mixed land use that make intelligent urban structure and land use policies. It would help to mitigate transportation requirements by moving destination and source closer. It also recommends prioritising pollution prevention strategies and encouraging pedestrian and cycling movements as alternative to motorized mode of transportation (Guiding principles, 1996). Working towards a sustainable future transport Designing a transport system that successfully meets the present challenges of eliminating pollution, utilizing landscape space, carrying people safely and timely over their destination and most importantly which runs on such fuel technology is sustainable, without risks of running into shortage or worse, total depletion. Keeping in view of the every rising challenge of maintaining an increasingly large fleet of vehicles on the road in the coming years, the sustainable transportation should be able to accommodate both the present and future range of issues. The future sustainable strategy has following important policy and socio-technological dimensions (Schaller, 2007) Creating economic disincentives to drive: Presently the socio-economic system is oriented towards personalized driving. People prefer to ply to their respective destinations through personal mode of transport because it is time consuming, convenient and cost effective. However, in this process they do not pay for the environmental damage of pollution, cost of traffic congestion, charges of using roads, bridges and tunnels and appropriate parking charges. Further, even people are compelled to use personalized motor vehicles due to absence of a supportive framework of alternative medium of transportation. These problems can be tackled economically by raising the cost of driving personal vehicles while simultaneously improving the alternative transportation. The measures taken shall incorporate the total cost of owning and driving personal vehicles, in terms of the damage they inflict on the environment, quality of city life, congestion and accident risks involved. As discussed earlier, strengthening the public transport system and making it more affordable and cost effective would be greatly beneficial in creating disincentive for individual transportation. Redesigning cities and implementing thorough changes Redesigning cities and modelling them to make them conducive for future transportation needs is one of the most important policy and socio technological measures. The structure of major urban centres has already seen fundamental changes in their design and orientation with advent of mass transport structures of railways and metro and mono rails (Barret, 1996, 1971). It is well exemplified by cities of New York, London and Tokyo. With advent of motorized vehicles the cities started to grow and differences between workplace and residential places expanded due to speed and ease provided by these vehicles. Cities that are more dependent on non personal modes of transportation, or mass transportation are traditionally denser than cities whose entire urban structure is based on individual ownership and use of vehicles (ibid). The sustainable urban models requires cities to implement planning measures that make structure of transport more efficient by attuning both the urban landscape design and transportation system to each other requirements. The land use policies need to take such factors into account as population density and new settlement areas. Citing Kenworthy and Newman (1989), Barret shows as the density of population decreases in the urban areas, the consumption of petroleum goes up (ibid). Thus many cities of low population density in United States of America have per head consumption of gasoline several notches more than Asian mega cities like Hong Kong, Tokyo and New Delhi. Therefore sustainable designing of cities would require to create urban forms so that people have greater opportunities to access different destinations in limited time. Most, if not all, destinations, should be within walking distance (Ibid). Scaling of services and facilities should be with the view to minimize the travel requirements with well structured support provided in every locality. For the final step, the densely populated areas should be well connected with highly efficient public transport system. Reference Aldrich, Bob.. ABCs of AFVs: a guide to alternative fuel vehicles. California Energy Commission, Sacramento-CA. April 1996. 1st Feb 2007 http://www.p2pays.org/ref/26/25156.pdf Barret, Georoge. 1996.The Compact City: A Sustainable Urban Form?. Contributors: (edit) Burton, Elizabeth,. Jenks, M., Williams, K. E FN Spon. London Burwell, David and Todd Litman. Issues in Sustainable Transportation. Int.J. Global Environmental Issues, Vol.6. No.4. pp.331-347. 2006 Deakin E, Sustainable Development and Sustainable Transportation: Strategies for Economic Prosperity, Environmental Quality and Equity, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California at Berkley, Accessed on net on 21st February 2007 http://www-iurd.ced.berkeley.edu/pub/WP-2001-03.PDF Definition, Sustainable development, 2007,Global Development Research Center, Accessed on net on 21st February 2007   http://www.gdrc.org/sustdev/index.html Guiding Principles for Sustainable Development, 1996, OECD International Conference, Accessed on net on 21st February 2007 http://www.gdrc.org/uem/sustran/sustran-principles.html Hoogma Recmo, Rene Kemp, John Schot, Bernhard Truffer.   Experimenting for Sustainable Transport: The Approach of Strategic Niche Management.: Spon Press: New York: 2002. 36 Organisation For Economic Co-Operation And Development , 1998, Towards Sustainable Development: Environmental Indicators: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development: Paris, 1998 http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/29/9/1890501.pdf Pirages DC, 1996, Building Sustainable Societies: A Blueprint for a Post-Industrial World, M. E. Sharpe, Armonk, NY. Page Number: 3 Policy Brief, Sustainable development: critical issues, 2001, OECD Observe, Accessed on net on 21st February 2007 Schaller, Bruce, Sustainable Transportation for 2030, Gotham Gazette, 23rd February, 2007. http://www.gothamgazette.com/article/transportation/20070213/16/2104 What is Sustainable Development? 2006, Sustainable-development .gov.uk, Accessed on net on 21st February 2007 http://www.sustainable-development.gov.uk/index.asp   Heywood, John. 2006. Energy For Rapidly Evolving World. MIT world. Feb 5, 2007. http://mitworld.mit.edu/video/350/

Environmental Impacts of the Manhattan Project

Environmental Impacts of the Manhattan Project Background In the year 1940, the US government started their own nuclear weapons project that was later named The Manhattan Project. This was due to the fact that some American scientists, who were comprised mostly of European refugees, feared that Nazi Germany, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler, was already conducting their own nuclear weapons development (Independence Hall Association, n.d.). The development of the atomic bomb was then moved to Los Alamos in New Mexico where the project was overlooked by Robert J. Oppenheimer and his team. In the morning of July 6 1945, the first nuclear bomb was successfully detonated. 2 types of nuclear bomb were later developed. The first one was a gun-type fission weapon that used uranium-235 while the second one was a much powerful and efficient but also more complicated implosion-type nuclear weapon using plutonium-239. Both the bomb was given the nickname â€Å"Little Boy† and â€Å"Fat Man† and was later detonated in Hiroshima and Nagasaki respectively. The atomic bomb was initially to be detonated in Nazi Germany. But with the surrender of Nazi Germany after their leader, Adolf Hitler, committed suicide, the attention was then turned on the Japanese who was still fighting in the war. The initial plan to force the Japanese to surrender was to launch Operation Downfall (Trueman, n.d.). The plans of the operation were to continue to bomb Japan using the US bombers followed by a massive land invasion. If the invasion were to happen, the US military will lose more than a million personnel. To avoid such tragedy from happening, the US president, Harry S. Truman, insisted to use the atomic bomb on Japan. On the morning of August 6 1945, the atomic bomb, Little Boy, was dropped over Hiroshima (Atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, n.d.). The blast of the atomic bomb is equivalent to 12,000-15,000 tons of TNT and it destroyed about 5 square miles of the cities. Furthermore, some 70,000-80,000 people died as a result of the explosion and around 70,000 people were injured. Similarly, the atomic bomb that blasted in the mid-air of Nagasaki also caused a substantial amount of casualties. The high number of deaths was not the only aftermath of the nuclear explosion, but it also affected the environment and also the people’s health around Hiroshima as well as Nagasaki. Environmental Impacts The onset of Japan’s nightmare was marked, as the two atomic bombs that were set in motion by the United States exploded in Hiroshima and Nagasaki respectively. The disastrous impacts of both atomic bombs essentially rest upon the intensity, energy and power liberated at the point of bombing. Nuclear weapons such as the atomic bomb bring about a relentless amount of destruction to the environment and the climate on a scale imitable to any other lethal mankind armament. In retrospect, not only that the use of atomic bombings in the war gave humanity a giant blood stain, but also shows us that an atomic bomb is no mere explosion, it also has the ability to leave numerous impacts on the environment. There were many environmental effects caused by the atomic bombing. One of them was the emission of the tremendous amount of radiation (Energy and Radioactivity, 2006). Like any other atomic bombing, fallout happened during the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Fallout, according to the Oxford dictionary, is defined as the process in which radioactive particles are carried into the atmosphere following a nuclear explosion and falling back onto the ground later as dust or in precipitation. As a result, thick ‘black rain’ that contains radioactive soot and dust started falling from the sky, reaching the ground as hazardous radioactive water. The black rain did not only damage the surroundings and the infrastructures but it also caused radiation poisoning through inhalation and the consumption of contaminated food and water (Energy and Radioactivity, 2006). The radiation emitted lasted for decades where many unfortunate victims who were exposed to intense amount of high r adiation had to bear with leukemia and Keloids (Energy and Radioactivity, 2006). Contaminated areas with high levels of residual radiation remained contagious for an extended amount of time, putting thousands in long periods of lethal infirmity. The process of healing is often slow resulting in immense deterioration of the immune system. Since there is no effective treatment, death follows in a matter of days. Likewise, the explosions of the atomic bomb also led to environmental contamination. The contamination of water is one of the most severe. When living organisms happen to drink the water that is exposed to radiation, be it humans or animals, they are very likely to suffer from serious health problems. Worse still, when rivers in the cities were contaminated, the current brought the radioactive water to other parts of Japan and eventually into the ocean, spreading the radiation beyond Japan itself. This implies that even people who don’t stay in or near Hiroshima and Nagasaki will still be affected by the radiation. The contamination of soil and air is just equally horrible. When the bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki exploded in the middle of the air, high degree of radiation was emitted and carried by wind to areas beyond the cities. It then dispersed gradually and led to radioactive air contamination. Similarly, plants and agriculture products further away from the center of ex plosions were also contaminated along with the soil. The radioactive soil became extremely infertile while the agricultural products that didn’t get burned up could no longer be consumed due to the radiation they contain. The contamination gave Japan a hard time recuperating and it took months before the Japanese citizens could put foot in either of these cities again. In addition, the atomic bombing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki also brought about thermal radiation that burned the surrounding with extreme heat. The explosions generated powerful shockwaves together with enormous fireballs that killed thousands of people within seconds. This ultimately gave rise to a large firestorm as the individual flames combined, and before long, both cities were covered in thick black smoke. Through the process of combustion, the firestorms used up substantial amount of oxygen in the atmosphere to produce flame (â€Å"The Effects of Nuclear Weapons,† n.d.). The smoke released into the atmosphere by the wild fires also produced soot that causes the global temperature to fall. In a recent study, scientists have found out that, a nuclear war that involves 100 Hiroshima-sized bombs would cause the global temperature to fall to Ice Age levels. (â€Å"The Environmental Effects of Nuclear Weapons,† n.d.). This would have an overwhelming impact on all of huma nity. Besides, the aftermath of the atomic bombing in Hiroshima and Nagasaki further resulted in drastic climate change. As noted earlier, when the atomic bombs were dropped, an enormous amount of heat wave was released into the air. This vast heat wave was later suppressed relatively by the process of rapid cooling. These circumstances were the perfect setting for the mass production of nitric oxides (Chen, 2010). The massive amount of nitric oxides that is transported to the atmosphere weakens the concentration of the protective ozone layer which is essential to block and protect us from the deadly ultraviolet rays from entering the Earth’s surface. The nitric oxides formed decreased the ozone levels in the Northern Hemisphere and such depletion utter tremendous alteration to the Earth’s climate. A study shows that nuclear battle involving atomic bombs would bring about an enormous hole in the Earth’s ozone layer that would unmask millions of lives to excessive amount of the blazing sunrays (Chen, 2010). It would permit even more ultraviolet rays directly from the sun to penetrate the mere surface of the Earth. With that, if exposed, consequences such as hazardous burns and many other serious ecological effects would emerge. Besides, the increase in excessive amount of ultraviolet rays leads to a steep rise in skin cancer and cataracts among humans. Moreover, like we humans, land and aquatic creatures, who apportion the same living space, would also face the repercussion of the atomic bomb in a direction that it disrupts their regular food chains that would fetch the entire ecosystem to a standstill (Jha, 2006). Ultimately, all the effects that came about from the explosion of the atomic bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki shows a clear validation of the Earth’s fragility towards the overwhelming desire of ultimate power, selfishness and the presumptuous nature of humans who ignore the degradation of the environment. This irresponsible and unthoughtful behavior would eventually result in inevitable consequences that bring a sense of regret and suffering that we humans should bear upon ourselves in the final stage. In short, the atomic bombs dropped in Nagasaki and Hiroshima brought destruction to the environment of the cities, at the same time contributed to global pollution and possibly a lot more post-effects that have yet to be discovered. Mitigation/Remediation Activities As if they knew there was no time to grief over their devastated state of their quintessential cities when the war came to an end with detonation of two vicious, powerful atomic bombs. Everything was gone as they came. But yet, they fret not. The Japanese, although have had their morale shattered, stood right back at their feet contemplating solutions to the matter at hands. And today, their efforts are proven success with evidence of both cities recovered almost perfectly from the bombings. So, the question remained on how did the Japanese manage to resuscitate Hiroshima and Nagasaki the cities of ruins into functional metropolises today? (Coping with Chaos, 2006) After the Atomic Bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, it was completely vanquished. Buildings destroyed, countless dead and resources were utterly depleted. People started finding ways on how to recover from such impact and to make it whole again. As terrible as it sounded, radiation seemed to be the worst impact for people in Hiroshima as it cannot be fully recovered for those who were affected. The radiation led to diseases that brought death to unimaginable amount of people and that it can hardly be avoided. While victims that are affected were hospitalized in Hiroshima A-bomb Hospital, some were evacuated to countryside without any choice in order to avoid from further affections. On the other hand doctors and nurses were mostly among the victims thus, resulting in failure to perform their duty to help others. There was also a major shortage in medical supplies due to the bombing that destroyed most of it (Coping with Chaos, 2006). From here we can clearly see that there is no specific solution in terms of medical aids for victims that were affected. Besides that, due to radiation released from nuclear reactions, the environment of the drop site was contaminated. In the advent of nuclear war, it is clear that no one knew the destructive power these nuclear bombs could impose moreover the effects. Hence, when Hiroshima and Nagasaki occurred, there was no solution to the problem until they analyze the consequences the bombs had caused after the incident. Without an unravelment at that moment of time, the only way to repel these radiations is to rely on the elements’ natural ability to decay over time which is 700 million years, for Uranium-235 that detonated at Hiroshima, and 24,000 years, for Plutonium-239 at Nagasaki respectively (Takahashi, 2011). The evidence of human existence today is due to the fact that when the bombs were dropped, it detonated in the air, ergo reducing the actual damage of the radiation to the surrounding at ground zero. This is because with an air burst, a detonated explosive weapon in the air, the fission products rise into stratosphere where they disperse hence reducing the effect of nuclear fallout as the radiation released from the fireball of the bomb is kept from touching ground (Glasstone Dolan, 1977). As time passes, people in Hiroshima and Nagasaki needed a way to rise again and they needed it desperately but they knew it was impossible to recover immediately. It was really hard for them to cope with the aftermath of the whole bombing but their hope never died. Hiroshima today is indeed in a good and peaceful condition surrounded by roughly one million people with self-awareness just like any other city around the globe (Powell Hiroshima, 2005). Buildings were destroyed, massive diseases took place but a wiped out city has to be rebuilt in every aspect especially in terms of physical, emotional and psychological. Not long after the strike, Hiroshima came up with an idea on constructing a peace memorial but it somehow turned out to be a peace memorial park. Powell and Hiroshima (2005) asserts that the centerpiece was transformed into a peace museum as remembrance of the tragic event of nuclear strike. At this point, we knew that any city would have given up at this very stage but Hiroshima took its recovery step by step to rise again and the only thing they needed was time. Today, Hiroshima and Nagasaki left a mark in the history of turning the impossible to possible by rebuilding what was destroyed into modern cities that bear the regalia of hope for all humanity. Conclusion Coming to a conclusion to the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, we as a team do believe that such a tragedy has left a permanent scar not just to the people of Japan, but also to the whole world. The two bombs that were dropped upon these two locations were the first and last usage of nuclear weaponry in warfare up-to-date. The people of the world bear witness to one of the most catastrophic man-made disaster which causes tremendous damage to innocent lives and the environment. The large Area of Effect (AOE) caused by this incident has caused a huge damage to the environment on a very large scale. The environmental damage varies from land, sea, and air. Radiation emission was the biggest environmental impact caused by these atomic bombs. The water was polluted with high cloudiness, coloured, hazardous taste, odour, unsuitable pH level and much more. The land and air are both badly polluted which results in contaminated and damaged soil for crops and soil, which affects food source. The two areas became a nuclear wasteland for a period of time and people are starting to think that such a thing is irrecoverable. But Japan has proven them wrong. Despite facing such a dreadful situation, Japan managed to recover from the incident. Both Hiroshima and Nagasaki is now even livelier than before which serves as a reminder of the human ability to recover and regenerate. The mitigation and remediation process took years for them to get back on their feet. Nevertheless, they succeeded in the end, turning the tables from a polluted environment in every direction, to a suitable place and habitat of the living, may it be humans, animals or plants. The people of Japan did not rely on the environment’s natural ability to decay the radiation completely over hundred millions of years and put things into their own hands. Atomic bombing has caused nothing but trouble to the world, and we believe that it is nothing less than an inexcusable act of mass murder. We also strongly believe that the continuous usage of such is inhumane and would result in a more terrifying destruction considering the condition of the planet now is even worse than before in environmental terms. No matter what the reason may be, destruction as such to the environment is unforgivable as it creates a channelling chain reaction which brings harm to those around it.

Manpower Planning in the Hospitality Industry

Manpower Planning in the Hospitality Industry Manpower Planning Manpower planning can be defined as the development of plan to meet the supply of worker to the availability of job at an organisation. Manpower planning involves reviewing the current manpower resource, and forecasting the future requirement of manpower. the main objective of manpower planning is to making sure the requirement of supply of individuals and skill to meets demand. This is a responsibility of the Human Resource Manager to make sure the organisation meets with the demand of manpower. Human Resource Manager when conducting a interview with the candidate has to make sure that candidate should meet the requirement of the job, like his education and qualification, Training and Experience, Personal Attributes. Source :- Buzzle.com Need of Manpower Planning Marriott gives a lot of importance to manpower planning, as they have to decide for next couple of years how many employees do they require as a plan for expansion, right for the entry level to managerial position. This will help the organisation to expand their business. Employer can plan their Labour cost and work according to it. By Recruiting new candidates will the help the organisation with new and unique ideas which will help the company to gain more market share. IT helps in internal growth of the employee within the organisation. Manpower planning helps the company to have right number employees to meet their demand. Labour Market Strategy:- The labour Market for Marriott is fluctuating, it keeps on changing as per the customer trend, but manpower strategy helps Marriott to work on a plan to calculate how many staff they require during busy time. There are four external factors which influence on the supply and quality of labour in an organisation. It is called as PEST (Political, Economic, Social, and Technology) PEST Analysis is a useful tool in understanding for companies development and its position in market, it also helps to understand the prospective direction for the business, The pest analysis is a contraction of political, Economic , Social, Technology , Legal, Environment. www.businessballs.com Political :- The Changes in the government policy may affect the organisation in many ways, in early this year the government changed in Value Added Service to 17.5%, changes in national minimum wage Marriott has a organisation will have to re-plan their strategies for labour cost, changes in government policies and taxation will hamper expansion plans Marriott Economic:- Due to the Global Economic crisis , most of organisation including Marriott had to made severe changes in their development plan and labour strategies. Due to recession organisations are controlling the labour cost as the demand as gone down. Most of the organisation are facing problem of excess labour, there is more supply labour available than the demand, More than 2 million people are jobless in Britain. Social :- Marriott has to be updated with the current customer trend, Organisation has to be aware of demographic changes such as:- age, population, region. To make any changes in their policies, Marriott has introduced Graduate Programme Development Opportunities for meeting the demand for manpower. Technology: Marriott is been innovative and is spending good amount from the profit towards technology or alternative ways of service for e.g.:- online booking, self check in and checkout. Such innovation needs skilled workers and there is a tremendous opportunity for skilled workers. Marriot by Using of new technology helps proper utilization of manpower of the organisation.   [Google docs slide manpower planning Maria P]   Factors to be Considered in by Marriott to estimate the demand for manpower Organization expansion- The organization looks for expansion of business in future to meet the expectation of customer. The future plan of Marriott is look to accommodate the tourist customer in their hotel for Olympic as these can create the future demand for labour. When the expansion of the organization is more then supply and demand needs to balance. The expansion is major factor for demand for labour in future. Internal demand- The internal demand can be promotion and dismal can be the factor for organization to create the demand and supply for labour. The top management and human resource also plays the major part for demanding the labour, such as recruitment of staff requirement to met the expansion their growth. Economic factor- The economic factor plays the important role in demanding the future labour. The economic growth can create the average spending power of the customer. The business can be expand as hospitality industry has invested more during the recession as the land rate has been drop and labour cost also. The strong economic of every country can create demand for labour Salary and Benefits: The Salary and benefits can be one of the factors that can demand the manpower for future. The marriot are providing with better and higher pay with benefit were most of the employee are attracted towards Marriott. They are providing better benefit then their competitor so that they can create a demand for manpower in future with this policies and plan of salary and benefit. Labour Turnover -Number of employee leave the firm through dismissal or resignation during a period to the number of employee on the payroll during the same period. dictionary.reference.com Calculating labour turnover Number of staff leaving in a year Average number employed in the same period x 100 This method of calculating turnover helps the organisation, to calculate manpower requirement for the future. Calculating labour turnover for Marriott for the year 2009, in various department Department No of employee left the organisation New Employee Turnover % Kitchen 8 19 42.10526316 Front Office 22 35 62.85714286 Food Beverage 166 207 80.19323671 House keeping 110 150 73.33333333 Employee turnover has a crucial consequence on the supply of the labour to an organisation, the turnover can classified into two category (1). Voluntary turnover ( 2). Compulsory turnover Voluntary Turnover :- Employee leaving job as he or she has found a new job Employee leaving the job due geographical mobility Leaving the job due to pregnancy. Employee leaving the job due to ill-related problems Retirement Changes in immigration law Working conditions Compulsory Turnover :- Release for misconduct. Made redundant due to recession. Release due to medical condition. John Stredwick Effects on organisation due to labour turnover:- There is a direct expenditure involved in replacement process by the organisation for Recruiting, Hiring and Training. At times organisation have staffs which are under-performing, if the under-performing staff decides to resign, it is beneficial for the organisation as they can hire somebody who is more productive and more skilful then the under-performing staff. 2008/09 in the U.K due to recession most of the skilled/Unskilled workers were made redundant more than 2 million were unemployed during this period, As major event approaching in 2012, the hospitality industry has to invest a lot direct cost in recruitments to match with the demand. Retention of an Employee:- Means trying to stop the employee from leaving the organisation. Marriott can offer rise in salary/wages to retain the employee, depending on his skills and experience. Offer the employee an opportunities for in house training programme, which will help his development within the organisation. If the Employee is planning to resign due to the long working hours, the organisation can offer him flexible working hours. If the Employee is not keen on continuing with a particular department for example Food and Beverage(Service), and wants to explore his skills in Front Office. Marriott as a organisation do have policy in place for inter department transfer. Marriott conducts a Exit Interview before the employee leaves the organisation, It helps Marriott to understand what they need to practice or make changes in their work culture, which will help to control employee turnover. John Stredwick Forecasting for Manpower Planning Forecasting is a important action in setting up the business plan, forecasting can be from 1,2, or 5 years depending on for whom the plan is to be presented, Marriott needs consider the upcoming event in count as well. Share-holder Bank Principal of Demand and Supply of Labour Demand and Supply Demand High Supply High Demand Low Supply Low Training Development Selection Changes Organisation Policies Labour cost control Internal Placement Forecasting Redundant Recruitment Demotion Table above helps Marriott to forecast manpower demand and supply, if there is a rise in demand, and supply is high then the Human Resource Manager should recruit staff member and Manager should promote internal staff member to meet the requirement of the company, If demand and supply is low than the manager should focus on forecast and training, if demand low and supply is high then the organisation has to control labour cost. Or may go to extend redundant some of the members of the staff. In Hospitality industry Demand and Supply of labour keeps on varying depending on the Events, Market trends, and Global crisis. There are few events which can be considered by human resource manager to predict the manpower demand. members.tripod.com Major Event in United Kingdom in next 5 years 2010- Women Rugby World Cup 2011- Ryder Cup. 2012- Olympics. 2012- ICC Twenty 20 World Cup. 2015- Men Rugby World Cup. http://www.code13.co.uk Working Arrangement for Marriott as Recommended Full -Time Employee :- As a Full Time employee they are entitled to work 40 hours a week, Marriott has a ratio of 60 to 40 i.e 60% of their employee are full time, and 40% are part time employee. Full time are flexible when its comes to working hours. Part-Time Employee:- As a Part Time employee they are entitled to work 20 hours a week, Part timers do get all the benefit as an employee, As they are students in United Kingdom they can only work for 20 hrs work Agency :- Marriot should outsource labour through agency, When Marriott has event planned they can contact the agency and outsource staff for the event. Marriott can practice this format of hiring outsource staff for a event as cost would be minimal then hiring a full time staff or a part- time staff. Contract:- Marriott should employ, staff on contract. Employee on contract is beneficial for Marriott, as per the contract the employee can be associated with Marriott only last for 6 months. Contract employee would be getting the same benefit as a full time or part time staff of Marriott. Causal :- Marriott can appoint causal staff which is beneficial for the organisation, as they dont have to give contract hours, they can use these causal staff depending upon the business of Marriott. Job Sharing:- One job is Shared by two people, in this case the benefit is which organisation provides is also shared. It is beneficial to the employer. Internship :- Marriott Should hire students who are on internship through their college, this not only help their manpower planning, but also fill in the requirement of the organisation, Internship programme student get the same benefit as a full time employee. BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS Stredwick, J. (2005)  Human resource management.  Second edition, UK, Elsevier Buttersworth-Heinemann 55-58. Marchington m and Wilkinson(2008) A Human Resource Management at work, People Management and development Fourth Edition. INTERNET http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/9-12-2004-59200.asp Last Assessed on 17th January 2010 http://www.businessballs.com/pestanalysisfreetemplate.htm last Assessed on 9th January 2010 http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/employee%20turnover Last Assessed on 25th January 2010 www.members.tripod.com Last Assessed on January 5th 2010 http://www.code13.co.uk/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=141:2010-the-golden-decade-of-sport-beginscatid=39:blogsItemid=2 Last Assessed on January 29th 2010 JOURNAL Evening Standard 24/01/2010. Page 1 Marriott Handbook Legislation for an Organisation Avinash Nayak 767689 Task 2 Legislation for an organisation Recruitment and Employment :- Is a process of hiring in the right candidate for the job to met the requirement of staffing. Working Time Regulation :- This Law was brought into practice from October 1998, This law applies all the business and to all workers. Marriot has to comply with law, this law include :- Maximum Working hours should not exceed more than 48hrs a week. Employee is entitled for daily break as per the contract. Employee is entitled for weekly break. For example:- if he is working 6 days a week, he is entitled for 1 day off. Employee is entitled for Annual holidays. The law is in place for different age groups:- 16-17 and 18 16-17 They are entitled to work 40 hrs a week,(8 hrs a day) They are entitled for a 30 mins break if the shift last more than 4.5 hrs They are entitled for 2 days weekly off 18 They are entitled to work 48 hrs a week, not more than 6 days a week. They are entitle for a 20 mins break if their shift last more than 6 hrs. They are entitled for 1 day off a week. www.businesslink.com Implication:- Employer should make sure working hours and breaks regulation are mentioned in the contract. Employee are entitled to take their break after 6 hrs, at least for 20 mins. Employer should make sure they give enough rest time between two shifts i.e 11 hrs rest time every 24 hrs. Application:- A Line Manager should be appointed to monitor the daily clock in and clock out through, Muster Book, latest software where an employee can clock in and out as well his breaks. Line Manager should make sure working hours of an employee should not exceed the contract hours All Employees should be sign a copy of contract and understand the importance of complying with law, as it is beneficial for both the employee and employer. Statutory Provisions:- Health and Safety Act 1974:- This Act was brought into practice 1974 to make sure employer are providing a safe place for their employees to work. Implication :- To make sure the working environment is safe for the employees of Marriot. Training Should be conducted on all the employees, so that they are aware what do they need to do in an event of accident. Equipment in use should be safe for use, in case of accidents should be reported. Fire Exit should be free from any obstacles. Application :- Have a Health and Safety committee, conduct the meeting on periodically bases, Risk assessment should be completed on all employees. Training files should be updated on monthly basis, as well Re-Fresher course should be conducted on all the employees every 3 to 4 months. Health and Safety information should be displayed as well the contact details in case of emergency. www.direct.gov.uk Codes of Practice :- Disciplinary :- Employer use this method to tell the employee that their act or their conduct is not up to the standards as likely. Needs to be improved.It is a 4 step process-1.Verbal Warning 2.Written Warning 3. Inform the employee about the decision 4. Appeal if the employee wants to make a appeal against the decision. Implication :- Marriott can conduct the disciplinary with an employee only when there is a violation of organisation policies or in the case of employee is under performing. Marriott should have enough evidence to take disciplinary action against the employee. Application:- Marriott should follow disciplinary procedure in a formal method, everything should be recorded for reference. Proper investigation needs to be done by the employer before coming to a decision. Employee will get a opportunity appeal against the decision. Employee has the right to demand explanation for the employer, on the decision. Employer may suspend the employee during the disciplinary process is going on. www.acas.org.uk Organisation :- National Minimum WageAct:- This Act was brought into practice in 1998, the objective behind this law was to a minimum wage that the employer(Marriott) needs to pay his employee. National Minimum wage differs depending on the employee age 5.73 to 5.80 an hour for aged 22 and over. 4.77 to 4.83 an hour for aged 18 to 21 years. 3.53 to 3.57 an hour for aged 16 to 17 years. Implication :- Labour cost of Marriott would be soaring, has they will have to give out a major portion from their income towards wages. Marriott will have to cut working hours of the employee to keep a control on labour cost. Marriott may layoff few of their employees, which will lead to unemployment. Application :- Marriott should re -plan their strategy Marriott may have to increase their room charges or menu price as they have to cover the rise in employee wages. Latest changes in the wages needs to be communicated to all departments and effective date as well. During the Peak time of the business, Marriott will have to hire temporary workers to meet the demand. www.direct.gov.uk

Francis Marion Essay -- essays research papers

Francis Marion 1732-1795 Also known as: Swamp Fox Born: WINTER, 1732 in South Carolina, United States, Berkeley County Died: February 27, 1795 Occupation: General Source Database: DISCovering U.S. History Table of Contents Biographical Essay | Further Readings | Source Citation Hero of the southern campaign in the American Revolution, who was known for his mastery of the small-unit tactics necessary for effective guerrilla warfare. BIOGRAPHICAL ESSAY Francis Marion was born in the winter of 1732 (his exact birth date is unknown) at Goatfield Plantation in St. John's Parish, Berkeley County, South Carolina. His parents, Gabriel and Esther Marion, were of French Huguenot descent. The Huguenots were French Protestants who had suffered persecution for their beliefs during the reign of Louis XIV. Following the 1685 revocation of the Edict of Nantes, which forbade the practice of Protestantism, 50,000 Huguenots left France. Marion's grandparents were among them. Along with 70 or 80 other Huguenot families, they farmed the banks of the Santee River near Charleston, South Carolina, where the land proved ideal for growing rice and indigo, a highly treasured blue dye which brought a good price in Europe. The cultivation of both crops spanned an entire year, so the planters were never idle, and they were rewarded with a comfortable lifestyle. Because the land had been largely untouched before the Huguenots began farming it, much effort was expended preparing the land for raising crops, leaving little time for the acquiring of formal educations. Although the Huguenots were firm believers in cultural pursuits, Marion received only a rudimentary education, as his correspondence attests. When Marion was five or six years old, his family moved to another plantation, Winyah Bay in Prince George Parish, near a port called Georgetown. Despite Marion's small, rather puny, stature and ill health, his young life was a continuous cycle of work. But as he farmed the land, his dreams took him to sea, and, at the age of 15, he received the consent of his parents to sign on with a schooner bound for the West Indies. But nearly as soon as Marion's dreams of sailing became reality, the reality became a nightmare. On the voyage home, a whale rammed the schooner, ripping the seams and sending water into the hold. Before the schooner went down, the captain, al... ...ontinental, 1948. †¢ Rankin, Hugh F. Francis Marion: The Swamp Fox. Crowell, 1973. †¢ Risjord, Norman K. "The Swamp Fox: Francis Marion," in Representative Americans. D.C. Heath, 1980. †¢ Simms, William Gilmore. "The Marion Family," in Southern and Western Monthly Magazine. Vol. 1 (1845): pp. 209--215. †¢ Alden, John Richard. The South in the Revolution, 1763--1789. †¢ Chidsey, Donald Barr. The War in the South. Crown, 1969. †¢ Davis, Burke. The Cowpens-Guilford Courthouse Campaign. Lippincott, 1962. †¢ Treacy, M.F. Prelude to Yorktown. University of North Carolina Press, 1963. †¢ Weigley, Russell F. The Partisan War: The South Carolina Campaign of 1780--1782. University of South Carolina Press, 1970. Source Citation: "Francis Marion." DISCovering U.S. History. Gale Research, 1997. Reproduced in History Resource Center. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. http://galenet.galegroup.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/servlet/HistRC/

gatcolor Great Gatsby Essay: Imagery of Colors :: Great Gatsby Essays

The Great Gatsby:   Imagery of Colors  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   F. Scott Fitzgerald used the imagery of colors in his masterpiece The Great Gatsby.   The colors are used very frequently as symbols, and the hues create atmosphere in different scenes of the book.   White is a clean and fresh color, but the author shows how it can be tainted as well.   Next, yellow illustrates the downfall of moral standards of the people of West Egg.   Lastly, green, the most dominant color in the book, symbolizes wealth and Gatsby's unattainable dream. To Gatsby, Daisy represents innocence and purity; however, Fitzgerald uses different shades of white to veil her corruption.   Daisy is solely described as "dressed in white", she powders her face white, and she mentions her "white girlhood".   The millionaire describes this perfect princess figure to be "high in a white palace the king's daughter, the golden girl."   On the other hand, Fitzgerald portrays the way of life in West Egg as a wretched place when "four solemn men dressed in suits are walking along the sidewalk with a stretcher on which lies a drunken woman in a white evening dress.   Her hand, which dangles over the side, sparkles cold with jewels.   Gravely the men turn it at a house - the wrong house.   But no one knows the woman's name, and no one cares." Yellow stands out as a symbol of corruption and decay.   Materialism has corrupted the citizens of East and West Egg because they center everything on money. When Gatsby entertains this wealthy class, the orchestra plays "yellow cocktail music".   Even Gatsby believes that he can win Daisy back with his money - thus he is described as wearing a "caramel-colored suit" when he lies about his past to Nick.   The most important symbol, however, is Gatsby's car.   The car becomes the main topic of conversation among the townspeople after it kills Myrtle and a witness specified this "death car" to be yellow. Fitzgerald used green most frequently to symbolize Gatsby's love for Daisy Buchanan.   Daisy rejected Gatsby because "rich girls don't marry poor boys", so her philosophy compelled him to become wealthy.   Gatsby described Daisy's voice as "full of money" and he acquired millions of green dollars in the hope that Daisy would love him again.   Also, Gatsby moved into his mansion so that he could live near the Buchanans, and at night the millionaire watches "a single green light, minute and far away, that might have been at the end of a dock.

Alcohol and College Students Essay examples -- Drinking Research Under

Alcohol and College Students Introduction:  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I decided to research alcohol, because of the large numbers of lives that alcohol ruins not only in the short run but also for the rest of peoples lives. Growing up I have witnessed many people who have developed alcohol problems at a young age and allowed it to take control of the way that they live their lives. It is obvious that alcohol has become a dangerous problem for college students in and out of the classroom. Research Methods:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To understand why alcohol is a problem for college students, I decided to survey a random sample of 26 students here at State U. I designed the survey to be a quick and effective way to obtain the drinking habits of college students in order to discover where possible alcohol problems may arise. I chose to survey a random sample of students in order to get a complete response from older students as well as some of the younger students.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first questions I asked in my survey where how many days of the week do you drink, and what is your favorite drink. I asked these 2 simple questions just to get a feel for how often this person goes out and what this person usually drinks. I then wanted to find out whether or not students pre-game before they go out and party, so that was my next question. This will be an important question, because when students pre-game, they usually get hammered, then they will go out to a party and drink even more. In order to find out if students are also getting into drugs, I asked if a student has ever mixed alcohol with drugs. This question will be helpful in showing why students become attached to alcohol easily. Drugs will only make the need for alcohol increase. Drinking to relieve depression and to relax are also key points that go along with alcoholism, so it was almost necessary to ask those questions as well. Once a person begins to drink because of depression, it can swallow him/her right up, because alcohol will seem like the only way out for a person who is depressed. When students want to get drunk quick, they will usually use a beer bong to drink as many as 2 beers at a time. In order to find out which students do this, I asked how many students have ever used a beer bong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finally, my last 2 questions involve drinking and driving as well as receiving an underage. As everybody knows, drinking and driving... ...nses as well as the responses to my interview, I?ve decided that there are 2 main reasons why students develop dependence towards alcohol. The first and probably most important reason is that people start drinking extremely too early in their lives. As stated previously from the interview, the average person starts drinking at age 13. If a person starts drinking at age 13 then they most likely will revert to alcohol to help solve their problems. When students get older and are in college, the stress level increases. If a student is stressed out and has been drinking since age 13 then obviously the problem will only get worse from here. My research has showed that students do drink when they are depressed or stressed out, so I believe that keeping kids away from alcohol at a young age is the first step in solving alcoholic problems in college students. Conclusion:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To conclude, I?ve decided that no matter what, students will drink. The problem cannot be solved overnight either. However, we need to be able to recognize when a friend has a problem. If dependence does occur then it needs to be taken care of immediately. Alcohol is never the answer, nor is it ever going to be.